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Human Reproduction Update, Vol.1, No.1 pp.1-18, 1995
© © Oxford University Press

review-article

Development of contraceptive vaccines for humans using antigens derived from gametes (spermatozoa and zona pellucida) and hormones (human chorionic gonadotrophin): current status

Rajesh K. Naz1,1, Anthony Sacco2, Om Singh3, Rahul Pal3 and Gursharan P. Talwar3

1Reproductive Immunology and Molecular Biology Research Laboratories, Ullmann Building Room #123, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI 48201, USA 3National Institute of Immunology Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India

To whom correspondence should be addressed at: 1To Whom Correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 718-430-2225; Fax: 718-430-8758

Contraceptive research has entered a new phase of development with the advent of hybridoma and DNA recombinant technologies. During the past 5 years, significant advances have been made in this area and now it seems that realistic prospects exist for the development of contraceptive vaccines for use in humans and animals (veterinary, wild and domestic), applicable to both the female and male sexes. Contraceptive vaccines will be valuable supplements to the presently available methods of family planning, and, due to high specificity, the occurrence of limited side-effects if any, low cost and infrequent administration, contraceptive vaccines may have greater acceptability than the currently available methods. Mammalian reproduction starts with the unison of gametes contributed by the male and female partners. Both spermatozoon and oocyte have antigens on the cell surface that are unique, tissue-specific, immunogenic and accessible to antibodies, and binding of the antibodies to these antigens can cause inhibition of gamete function, resulting in a failure of fertilization. Fertilization is followed by embryogenesis, with the early embryo producing several proteins, some of which, eg. human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), have a vital role in the establishment and maintenance of early pregnancy. Again, these proteins are accessible to antibodies, and their immunoneutralization can cause anti-fertility effects with loss of early embryo. Thus, the antigens derived from proteins on spermatozoa, oocyte and early embryo, especially HCG, constitute interesting molecules for the development of contraceptive vaccines. The aim of the present article is to review the current status of development of contraceptive vaccines based on antigens derived from sperm cell, oocyte zona pelluci-da and HCG, and to discuss their relative merits and future development.

Key words: Contraception / gonadotrophin / immunization / spermatozoa / zona pellucida


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