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Human Reproduction Update, Vol.9, No.3 pp.291-307, 2003
© European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology 2003; all rights reserved

Germ cell transplantation: a review and progress report on ICSI from spermatozoa generated in xenogeneic testes

N. Sofikitis1,,2,, A. Kaponis1,,4, Y. Mio3, D. Makredimas1, D. Giannakis2, Y. Yamamoto1, N. Kanakas2, H. Kawamura2, J. Georgiou2,,4, M. Schrader2, E. Lolis4, X. Giannakopoulos2, D. Loutradis1, V. Tarlatzis5 and I. Miyagawa1

1 Department of Urology, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan, 2 Laboratory for Molecular Urology and Genetics of Human Reproduction, Department of Urology, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Greece, 3 Reproductive Center, MFC Clinic, Yonago, Japan, 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Greece and 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece

To whom correspondence should be addressed at: N. Sofikitis, Department of Urology, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishimachi, 683-0810 Yonago, Japan. e-mail: Department of Urology, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishimachi, 683-0810 Yonago, Japan. e-mail: akrosnin{at}hotmail.com

Abstract

Results from the transplantation of donor male germ cells into xenogeneic recipient seminiferous tubules indicate that donor spermatogonia are capable of differentiating to form spermatozoa morphologically characteristic of the donor species. Germ cell transplantation procedures combined with developments in freezing, culturing or enriching germ cell populations have applications of paramount importance in medicine, basic sciences and animal reproduction. Additionally, these techniques can serve as an alternative approach for gonadal protection and fertility preservation in patients with cancer. This article is a chronological critical review of the technological advances that followed the initial successful transplantation of mouse germ cells into recipient mice. Furthermore, the factors responsible for the immunological privilege properties of the testis and the parameters influencing the potential of mammalian germ cells to undergo mitosis and meiosis within a xenogeneic testis are described. Finally, the role of human germ cell transplantation procedures in the therapeutic management of non-obstructive azoospermia is discussed.

Key words: Spermatogonia / syngeneic / testis / transplantation / xenogeneic


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